Personality, Personality Development, Spheres, Public Relations

Characterize character The free word reference: the obvious part of one's character as it intrigues others: He has a satisfying character. the entirety of the physical, mental, passionate, and social qualities of a person. the composed example of conduct attributes of the person. the nature of being an individual; presence as a hesitant individual; individual character. the basic character of an individual. http://www. thepersonalitysystem. organization: â€Å"Personality is the whole mental association of a person at any phase of his development.It grasps each period of human character: astuteness, disposition, aptitude, ethical quality, and each demeanor that has beeen developed over a mind-blowing span. † (Warren ; Carmichael, 1930, p. 333) (In a recognized overstatement†¦ ) â€Å"Personality is the quintessence of a person. † (Hall ; Lindzey, 1957, p. 9, portraying articulations by Gordon Allport) â€Å"An person's example of mental procedures emerging from in tentions, emotions, musings, and other significant regions of mental capacity. Character is communicated through its impacts on the body, in cognizant mental life, and through the person's social conduct. (Mayer, 2005) 2. ) Define character improvement http://www. training. com: Progressive association of the mental attributes exceptional to an individual, happening as the consequence of development and gaining from birth through adulthood http://www. angelfire. com: Personality improvement is the building up a character religion in order to make a solid constructive impression about self with the focused on gathering, or when all is said in done; and progressively relevant part of such character is to keep up and demonstrate in a since quite a while ago run. http://www. healthofchildren. com:Personality improvement is the advancement of the sorted out example of practices and mentalities that makes an individual unmistakable. Character improvement happens by the progressing connect ion of demeanor, character, and condition. 3. ) segments/circles of character Wikianswers: 1. Physical Aspect-Height, weight, size composition. 2. Scholarly perspective capacity to examine, combined or to offer input 3. Passionate perspective the privilege time,place 4. Social angle capacity to go others. meet others without fundamentally pulling back. 5.Moral Aspect-Knowing set in stone https://locales. google. com: 11. 2. 1 Identity is experienced as staying alert that one exists and that one has the option to live. The individual acknowledges his cutoff points and is set up to apply his entitlement to exist. He gets quality and mental fortitude from a fundamental sentiment of security, from fearlessness and confidence in others. He acknowledges duty regarding his conduct. A patient with shortcoming in the circle of personality feels shaky, â€Å"not O. K. â€Å"and maintains a strategic distance from obligations. This regularly discourages progress in therapy.Strengthening char acter at that point has a high need. 11. 2. 2 Intimacy Humans are social creatures. One of the main needs of an individual is to relate near one individual specifically. This produces holding among baby and mother. Sometime down the road the closeness of sweethearts and dear companions creates, one figures out how to be near others without losing one's own personality. Closeness creates on the edge of combination (recognizable proof with the other) and self-declaration. The direct opposite: combination versus self-governance is unraveled by â€Å"sharing†.A individual who feels upheld by a solid sentiment of personality can connect and get private with others along these lines enhancing their lives. The closeness offered in kind, is one's very own support personality. On the off chance that something in the circle of closeness is deficient with regards to, a patient may encounter inconvenience in creating sufficient social adapting aptitudes. In an advisor a pathetic requirem ent for closeness may offer ascent to issues: the exchange of emotions by the patient to the specialist may create turmoil and evoke insufficient reactions. 11. 2. Drives and feelings The craft of living is settling on the correct decisions and choices. This part of human conduct is concentrated by inspiration hypothesis. It is a significant area for the correspondence pathologist: numerous clutters have their start in this circle. 11. 2. 4 Relating socially during the time spent self-actualisation this is the support zone that individuals work around their personality and closeness. Human drives and inspirations are culminated in the social circle: character is encouraged, closeness must be actualised in a social context.Interaction happens with individuals from the family and others in nature, in a regularly enlarging circle. Out of early encounters with socialization a perplexing scene of exchanges between individuals will develop, which E. Berne has suitably portrayed as exercis es, spend times and â€Å"games†. A reasonable number of games get individuals snared in hazardous social propensities for which they themselves are not really mindful. An actual existence situation with unwholesome games may incorporate some horrendous discourse and voice neuroses.Replacing the commanding games and changing the situation, by pretending and rehearsing without game connections can realize a significant change. It will carry the individual more like a genuine sentiment of personality (rather than a phony one) and to certified close connections. 11. 2. 5 Creative vitality and the intensity of will Men and ladies are frequently decided by the impression of intensity they show in doing their plans and goals, in requesting accomplishments from themselves and in commanding others or, then again by submitting to others.Phantasy and innovative force are significant factors in individuals' lives, as are desire and diligence to complete one's structure. 11. 2. 6 Cogniti on: observation, segregation, assessment In this circle the individual keeps his inner picture of the earth and of his own working in this condition. Comprehension has been gathered from and infests every past level: character, closeness, enthusiastic self-safeguarding, identifying with others, inventiveness and resolve, have their automatic controls just as a cognizant representation.By judicious idea the individual attempts to comprehend what is befalling him and to his condition. Normal however they may appear to be, considerations might be dependent upon twisting: Misinterpretations and bogus desires may happen as an outcome of astoundingly solid encounters dating far back in time. [pic] 4. ) characterize advertising http://www. businessdictionary. com: The calling or practice of making and keeping up generosity of an association's different publics (clients, representatives, financial specialists, providers, and so on , generally through exposure and other nonpaid types of corr espondence. These endeavors may likewise incorporate help of expressions, worthy missions, training, games, and other municipal commitment. http://www. prsa. organization: â€Å"Public relations is a vital correspondence process that manufactures commonly advantageous connections among associations and their publics. † www. answers. com (Britannica): Aspect of interchanges that includes advancing an attractive picture for an individual or gathering looking for open consideration.

Consumer interaction in contemporary advertising design

Buyer collaboration in contemporary promoting plan Unique This paper offers an understanding into the job of the customer in present day publicizing. It graphs the job of publicizing in the public eye from the soonest known inceptions in Ancient Egypt to the innovative insurgency during the 1960s right up to current viral crusades. A scope of points are examined from why organizations lose control over their brands to how the individual changed current promoting. It thinks about the manners by which, fruitful brands have used the customer in their crusades and proceeds to consider moral limits in the matter of promoting. Enveloping a scope of creators and journalists sees regarding the matters it exhibits the requirement for organizations to consider and follow up on shoppers wants and recommendations in present day society. Besides it finds the need to guarantee that the shoppers sees are utilized as motivation all through the creation and improvement phases of promotion configuration so as to ensure its objectives are met. The paper infers that especially now, in an economy where there is next to no investment, brands should grasp customer created content and use it in a way that will help development and advancement. It references industry specialists and their perspectives regarding the matter and builds up a methods by which organizations of all sizes can pick up from purchaser communication in promoting plan. Presentation Publicizing configuration alludes to the creation and advancement of visuals to be utilized in the promoting procedure. It is utilized pull in crowds by pushing imaginative limits and speaking to their passionate faculties so as to sell. Promoting and publicizing configuration have made considerable progress since their beginnings and that is not any more evident than as of late with presentations of new media yet how precisely has promoting changed as of late? For what reason was it vital? What impact have moderately new presentations, for example, the Internet had on promoting and to what level is the shopper included when thinking about publicizing efforts? Crucially, are promoting offices still ready to connect with buyers and continue their advantage? This paper will examine the numerous perspectives concerning the requirement for customer association inside promoting plan, what happens when it is overlooked and offer contextual investigations with respect to how it tends to be use successfully. In spite of much writing on the issue gives despite everything exist with the execution of purchasers through all phases of publicizing plan. It is trusted that this paper, in spite of confinements of time imperatives and access to enormous examples of essential research, will help as a manual for planners and the utilization of buyers inside the area. Parts A Brief History of Advertising Design The production of publicizing can be followed back similarly as the old Egyptians who utilized papyrus to make deal messages and limited time banners. There are enduring signs from antiquated Babylonia and old China during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1050 771 BC) publicizing the offer of wine at exchange fairs. Different models have been found in the remnants of Pompeii, advancing a scope of exercises from political crusades and theater exhibitions to games and drinking foundations. Papyrus was additionally utilized in both antiquated Greece and old Rome to promote articles that had been lost and found. During the medieval times, where it was extraordinary that the populace in mass would have the option to peruse, sellers would utilize imagery to advance their exchange. For example a shoemaker may have utilized an image of a boot or a metal forger a horseshoe to instruct clients with respect to their area. (Landa, 2004) The year 1450, and prepared Goldsmith, Johannes Gutenberg designs a print machine, the first of its sort to use portable, metal sort. Its discharge in Germany and mainstream ascend all through Europe permitted the broad conveyance of data to the general population. It is this that can be certify as the start of broad communications (Kreis, 2004) As a discrete structure, in any case, publicizing is commonly consented to have started in the seventeenth century with classifieds and line-promotions showing up in week after week English papers. (Wilson, 2009) Simple depiction, went with a value sign, for the most part for books and paper, which because of advances in the print machine were getting increasingly reasonable, filled their need until bogus publicizing turned into a common issue, from which guideline of substance was presented. 1836 and French paper, La Presse, turned into the primary media of its sort to present paid ad space. Because of this fruitful idea, the paper had the option to bring down its retail cost, bringing about more extensive readership and an expansion in income. After four years, in Boston, MA, Volney Palmer built up what was to get known as an antecedent to ad offices. Around a similar time French news organization, Havas, stretched out its administrations to fuse ad financier. These trailblazers to promoting offices functioned as specialists, selling ad space in papers. It wasnt until 1869 and N. W. Ayer Son of Philadelphia turned into the main full-administration office, which could be compared to those of today, in that they accepted accountability for promoting content. (Landa, 2004) It was towards the finish of the nineteenth century, with a rise of all the more full-administration publicizing offices, that the matter of promoting turned into a foundation in its own right. (Wilson, 2009) It had its own innovative qualities and working models, just as being considered as one of only a handful barely any genuine profession open doors for ladies at that point. This was because of the way that it was ladies who were answerable for the lion's share buying inside the family unit. The promoting offices before long understood the significant contribution of womens knowledge through the imaginative procedure. Truth be told it was Helen Lansdowne Resors prescience that dismissed Woodburys cleansers consideration from sole advancement of its clinical properties to fix itself with the shopper. Her slogan; A skin you love to contact, inferred a sentimental want and is credited as the primary usage of sex in publicizing. (Reichert and Lambiase, 2003, p. 44) Promoting organizations turned into the reaction to an ever developing and frequently jam-packed commercial center. Makers and salesmen understood that advancement was indispensable to the achievement and life span of an item. The offices started to offer themselves as specialists in developing merchandise to customer correspondence, which whenever utilized, would leave the organizations to focus on the assembling and development of their products. The Great War saw various advances in ad to the mass market with the appearance of promulgation promotions on all sides. It was the British government, who were at the bleeding edge of the purposeful publicity fight, utilizing ad to convince regular people to battle just as an endeavor to draw America to go along with them. It is written in Mein Kampf that Germany lost the war since they lost the skirmish of publicity. (Kick, 2001) The most significant influence the First World War had on promoting was the automation of industry and the subsequent increment in use that brought forth another idea; the longing to make need inside buyer. It is this thought has been the overwhelming power in promoting since the 1920s. Into the 1920s and the principal radio broadcasts were built up by producers so as to offer more radios to a more prominent number of individuals. Before long numerous not-revenue driven associations additionally started setting up stations, for example, schools and urban gatherings. The act of supporting a program became promoted which for the most part implied the notice of the single supporting business as a prologue to the show. In any case, it was before long understood that an expansion in the quantity of publicizing spots accessible would make an increment in income. Station proprietors started selling time dispensed openings to different organizations as opposed to offering the rights to entire projects. This training was demonstrating exceptionally powerful until 1929 when the Wall St. Crash hit, which shut down across the board opulence. This was trailed by the Great Depression and the Second World War, which implied that it was not until the 1950s that clients had enough extra cash to react to the advertisers formation of need idea, which had been built up through the twenties. Post War luxuriousness had won, as did an abundance of products for which a sentiment of requirement for the shopper must be made. Maybe the most overwhelming item to be viewed as a need was the TV. No home could be without one and obviously, where the TVs went, the promoters before long followed. It ought to be noticed that because of Britains government power over communicating, they were 10 years or so behind the US in permitting business TV stations to air. Right up 'til today the UK Europe despite everything have more tightly power over the measure of article influence that sponsors have over a program. This is mostly because of defilement inside the US model that empowered supporters to meddle with the storylines of test appears so as to make their products all the more engaging. (Stafford and Faber, 2005) 1960s America and Doyle Dane Bernbach acquainted what is said with be one of the best publicizing styles in current occasions. To such an extent that its creation started a period referred to in the states as the Creative Revolution. Set in an ocean of hard sell, the organization utilized mind notwithstanding a specific measure of self-deride so as to publicize the now notable, Volkswagen Beetle. The slogans Live Below Your Means and Think Small made the presence of an organization that was happy to make a play on words about itself and its item. The vehicle and its promoting was worshiped by the offspring of the upheaval who considered it to be a dismissal of their past ages realism. (Shopper Guide Automotive, 2007) This type of cultural publicizing made ready for the absolute generally inventive and long-standing promoting models, which are still being used right up 'til the present time. Co

Science is Delicious!

Science is Delicious! Just a few hours to go, and I know youre feeling the stress. Were feeling it too, believe it or not. I have to tell you that the selection process has been exponentially more demanding, rewarding, and yes heartbreaking, than I imagined back in July when it was spoken of in distant, mystical tones. That might be me romanticizing it. In retrospect, the admissions veterans were probably speaking in the IHTFP tone: that mix of dread, wonder and sleep deprivation that MIT students come to embrace. I dont know that Im at the embrace stage of my MIT evolution (I think Im stuck at panicked multitasking learning to walk at ludicrous speed), but I can already see that Im not quite the same person I was before. Im also a lot busier and, like I said, stressed. Luckily the Lab for Chocolate Science has come to the rescue! The Lab offers free hot chocolate in Lobby 10 during finals. And for the purists out there Ill quickly add that yes, it is true hot chocolate (chocolate + milk). What, you think these people are amateurs? They have lab coats! Choconauts Kendra Beckler 09, Victoria Vega 13, and Paul Weaver 12 So hang in there, sit back, grab a cup of hot chocolate (or, as the Lab would no doubt correct, hot cocoa), and try to relax. I know I will. *sip*

Leadership Skills Of An Effective Administrator - 1540 Words

Abstract summary: Leadership deals with both human psychology as well as expert tactics. Leaders have qualities such as intelligence, maturity and personality and are trusted for their judgment and respected for their expertise, integrity etc. Effective leaders have Skills which are naturally developed and unconsciously, as well as consistently, demonstrated in the every action. So Organizations need strong leaders for optimum effective growth in business. Introduction: Leadership skills and abilities were studied by researchers for several years. The earliest approach to the study of leadership sought to identify a set of traits and skills that distinguished leaders from non leaders. However, the impetus for research on skills was a classic article published by Robert Katz in the Harvard Business Review in 1955, titled â€Å"Skills of an Effective Administrator.† He recognizes three different abilities that a leader should have: †¢ Technical Skills †¢ Human Skills †¢ Conceptual Skills I do agree with Robert’s views and I believe leaders are important in the business and work place too. Let’s start with skills, characteristics, and significance respectively. Skills are what leaders can accomplish, whereas traits are who leaders are (i.e., their innate characteristics) [1].Technical skill is knowledge about and proficiency in a specific type of work. It includes competencies in a specialized area, analytical ability, and the ability to use appropriate tools andShow MoreRelatedLeadership Skills And Abilities Of An Effective Administrator1414 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract summary: Leadership is all about human psychology with expert tactics. Leaders have qualities such as intelligence, maturity and personality and are trusted for their assessment and respected for their proficiency, integrity etc. Effective leaders have Skills which are naturally developed and unconsciously with consistently which demonstrated in the every action. So Organizations need strong leaders for profitable growth in business. Introduction: Leadership skills and abilitiesRead MoreThe Ineffective Leader : An Effective Leader1241 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ineffective Leader When identifying characteristics of effective leaders, looking at traits of ineffective leaders can also provide insight. While the focus of many studies is to identify the specific characteristics that can make someone a good leader, it is important not to overlook those qualities that have a negative effect on employee morale, retention, and acceptance. Martin (2013) identified seven traits of ineffective leaders, which include appearing too busy, being above helping yourRead MoreLeadership And The Development Collaboration1146 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership and the Development Collaboration In any collaborative environment, an open-line of communication is a critical factor. Communication is a two way interaction of listening and speaking in turn. One speaks while the other listens for true comprehension is a key factor. One must get an understanding before the vision can be implemented within any leadership role. The presence of collaboration in schools are the result of principals, educators, parents, and administrative leadership in workingRead MoreLeadership Style Of A Healthcare1214 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership in a healthcare setting requires a great breath of knowledge specific to healthcare and but it also requires soft skills that can be translated to many other professional endeavors. This essay will examine the leadership style of a specific healthcare professional, the strategies and skills that she uses to motivate their staff members and the results or impacts of the application of the skills and knowledge of leadership. The interview of this leader a llowed an insight into the innerRead MoreThe Key Human Resource Management1297 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment, evaluation, and handling of grievances and labor relations† (Singh, 2016, p. 362). The key human resource competencies as outlined by the Healthcare Leadership Alliance (HLA) include: communication and relationship management; leadership; professionalism; knowledge of the healthcare environment and business skills. The healthcare leadership alliance consists of the following organizations: American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE); American College of Physician Executives (ACPE); AmericanRead MoreLeadership And Management Of Restorative Justice1193 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership and Management of Restorative Justice To address the increasing recidivism rate among offenders in the juvenile and adult criminal justice system, comprehensive restorative justice programs should expand to a much wider faction of the United States criminal justice system. Programs should be implemented on federal, state, and local levels to effectively and efficiently achieve this goal. The goals that should be strived for must be kept in mind so that adequate progress can be made andRead MoreHuman Resource Management As Defined By ( Boone Kurtz, 1984 )1445 Words   |  6 Pageshandling of grievances and labor relations† (Singh, 2016 p. 362). The key human resource competencies as outlined by the Healthcare Leadership Alliance (HLA); a consortium of major professional associations in the healthcare field include: communication and relationship management; leadership; professionalism; knowledge of the healthcare environment and business skills. The HLA consist of the following organization: American College of He althcare Executives (ACHE); American College of Physician ExecutivesRead MoreProfessional Development Plan Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesMy interest in pursuing a position as a school administrator for an elementary school system is to provide leadership for staff members and quality education for all students, and to become part of the world of education. The Benjamin Franklin School located in the Dallas School District serves as a growing population of approximately 1,070 students. The school offers a well-defined educational system for the students, and it has an overall student-to-teacher ratio of 17:1. 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Most Noticeable Essay Writing Topics for Interview in Google

Most Noticeable Essay Writing Topics for Interview in Google Ok, I Think I Understand Essay Writing Topics for Interview in Google, Now Tell Me About Essay Writing Topics for Interview in Google! If you would like to go personal and pick a relative, make sure to get a memorable and distinctive reason. Ultimately, you have to have a transcript of questions together with the draft. Why free speech ought to be abolished. Remember not to be too connected to the outline that you go in the interview carrying. You may also acquire many discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. For this reason, you can start to build your resume by merely replacing the sample information with your very own private information. All your details and data will be saved in our secure databases. Google, becoming aware of its very own vast diversity for an organization and surpassing its rival, Bing, recently made the move of developing a new company which can act as the umbrella for each of Google's services and products. In order to comprehend why Google is regarded as the best location to work in according to Fortune magazine, we have to know the reasons behind that. Google is the biggest search engine business in the planet, and Baidu is the biggest search engine business in China (with China, clearly, con stituting a massive portion of the world, given the country's massive population). While it's a very simple notion, it isn't always so simple to understand how to start. How global warming is truly caused. Be certain you have included everything that you wish to be incorporated into your paper. There are two methods to compose your paper. New Ideas Into Essay Writing Topics for Interview in Google Never Before Revealed Strategies for writing book reports on books you haven't even read. Writing is an arduous job. Essay writing differs for everybody. All your writing ought to be simple to understand and follow for your audience. You ought to make sure your essay is not just interesting to read, but it's also thorough and actually informative for your reader. You ought to make sure your reader keeps on reading. The good thing is that we've got a superb group of inexpensive research paper writers at Edubirdie which can help you produce an awesome essay to be pleased with. Attempt to keep in mind this information to compose an excellent story. You may discover that several of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any type of writing assignment. Viewing great interview essay examples on the internet is also useful! Now that you're aware that we are the ideal online essay writing service to work with, don't hesitate to stop by our site and order an essay. There are a lot of on-line essay writing services to aid you with your writing tasks. All you have to do is consult with an expert customized essay writing service like ours that is guaranteed to submit all of your assigned work in time. The very best way you are able to help work applicant to get the offer is to earn a career interview essay from the questions-answers style. If you're a worldwide student worrying about your writing skills, there are lots of helpful resources which are available to you. Knowing there's help available for you to guarantee you hand in an excellent essay is vital since there are people out there ready to help you, including us.

Critical Review of Reappraising Cognitive Styles Free Essays

This research is based on empirical user trial data and a sophisticated analysis. It tries to evaluate the validity of applying visual-verbal preferences to an adaptive web-based educational system (AWBES) by examining user trials of a case study. Previous researches are either focused on pragmatic applications or based on inadequate sample sizes. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Review of Reappraising Cognitive Styles or any similar topic only for you Order Now This research goes beyond former ones by employing user trials to collect critical data and directly raising the core question of the effectiveness of the method. However, the flaws in method setting, data analysis, ambiguity in details and the claimed result put in doubt the conclusions suggested by the study. Method/Procedure In this research, students were firstly labeled as visual, verbal and bimodal learners through a computer test, and then put into groups with learning contents either matched, or deliberately mismatched, or neutral to their learning styles. Then tudents’ academic performances were compared to see the significance of differences between groups. Questions were raised when the researchers excluded the verbal users from the statistical analysis due to the extremely small sample size (n=11). The study is supposed to examine three cognitive styles (visual, verbal, bimodal); therefore without the data of the verbal group, the study is incomplete. The study method is further impaired by two questionable grouping methods. The first questionable method states, â€Å"Neutral students were given a mix of visual and verbal ontent, irrespective of their learning style† (p. 30). If a bimodal user is randomly placed in a neutral group and given mixed content, then he will actually receive content matching his learning style. Therefore, since he will end up in given content matching his learning style, it will be more appropriate tor the student to be placed in the matched group. Furthermore, both the matched group and neu tral group have the same bimodal users given neutral contents. This leads to a doubt: the study result which shows insignificant academic differences might be from the similarity of he group members rather than from the invalidity of the utilization. The second questionable method states, â€Å"Mismatched students were given content that was contrary to their learning style† (p. 330). If bimodal users are placed in the mismatched group, what content should be provided to them? Neither visual nor verbal content would be appropriate since they are both partially matched and partially mismatched to a bimodal user; and the neutral content would be inappropriate either, since it matches the bimodal user’s cognitive style and ends up eing against the definition of the mismatched group. A table which illustrates the quantities of three cognitive-styled students distributed into matched/ mismatched/ neutral could help clarify the grouping method. The computer test which distributed students into cognitive groups should employ details and examples of the test and the scoring system to clarify the fairness of the test. As for sampling, the sample size should be adequately enlarged to include an effective verbal sample; the post-secondary students are a biased group which can’t meet the variety of people. The learning module should be studied to see whether it is biased to/against any group/learning style. The quantity of excluded seldom-participating student should be mentioned to allow an exact sample size in the study. Experiment Results The insignificant mean differences in Table2 to Table6 reject hypothesises 1, 2 and 3. As for hypothesis 4, in order to reject it, the authors should clarity why one mean difference (67. 5-60. 0=7. 5) is greater than half of the related standard deviation (1 1. 56112=5. 78) in Table 7, which compares visual, neutral and verbal groups. The explanation, â€Å"upon testing these statistically, there is actually no significance between them† (p. 333) is ambiguous. Thus, the mean differences are not unanimously consistent with the result claimed by the authors that neither the cognitive styles of students nor contents differentiated by the styles contribute to make significant differences in students’ academic performance. The p values from the statistical analysis (p=. 62, p=. 63, p=. 67) are substantially greater than the low p value (less than . 05; or better less than . 01). The high p values raise the question that the sample selection might lack diversity, and may then further affected the result of the study. Discussion The authors’ conclusion that matched/ mismatched learning materials don’t contribute to students’ learning effect, is not consistent with the aforeclaimed conclusion which concerns the effect of visual and bimodal styles of students and contents. The authors’ psychological conclusion that cognitive styles per se are not a validate means of personalising the learning experience is not completely consistent ith the result which only concerns visual and bimodal styles. How to cite Critical Review of Reappraising Cognitive Styles, Papers

On The Job Training free essay sample

On-the-Job-Training or OJT is job training that occurs in the work place. It has many advantages, but it can also have a few disadvantages if the OJT is not planned and executed properly. It is part of a college curriculum that aims to train and orient students about the work and their future career. It is very important not only to teach students their chosen career but to show students the reality about working. On-the-job training, also known as OJT, is teaching the skills, knowledge, and competencies that are needed to perform a specific job within the workplace and work environment. On-the-job training uses the regular or existing workplace tools, machines, documents, equipment, knowledge and skills necessary for a student to learn to effectively perform his or her job in the future. It occurs within the normal working environment an employee will experience on the job. It may occur as the student performs actual work or it may occur elsewhere within the workplace using training rooms, training work stations, or training equipment. We will write a custom essay sample on On The Job Training or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While the goal of OJT is often to teach basic workplace skills, it also instills aspects of the workplace culture and performance expectations. OJT is also the approach organizations use to provide student trainees on-boarding information. It means that skills can be gained while trainees are carrying out their jobs. This benefits both student trainees and the business. Student Trainees learn in the real work environment and gain experience dealing with the tasks and challenges that they will meet during a normal working day. The business benefits by ensuring that the training is specific to the job. It also does not have to meet the additional costs of providing off-the-job training or losing working time. There are several methods of providing on-the-job training. Four frequently used methods are briefly described here: Coaching – an experienced member of staff will help trainees learn skills and processes through providing instructions or demonstrations (or both). Mentoring – each trainee is allocated to an established member of staff who acts as a guide and helper. A mentor usually offers more personal support than a coach, although the terms ‘mentor’ and ‘coach’ are often used interchangeably. Job rotation – this is where members of staff rotate roles or tasks so that they gain experience of a full range of jobs. ‘Sitting next to Nellie’ – this describes the process of working alongside a colleague to observe and learn the skills needed for a particular process. This can be a faster and more useful way of learning a job role than studying a written manual. The colleague is always on hand to answer any questions or deal with any unexpected problems. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY OS 225 – Office Practicum Course Description This is a training course applying new and previously developed office skills, abilities, and values in actual training. This also involves classroom instructions characterized by a review of general office procedures and application through job exercises. Moreover, simple cases on making decisions and solving problems are discussed. Practical on the job training in an office for 300 hours is the highlight of the course. Credit: 6 units (3 hours lecture, 3 hours coordination per week) Prerequisites: OS 113, OS 121, OS 141, OS 210 to be taken simultaneously Objectives: General Prepare for tomorrow’s office by applying the learned general office procedures in a more realistic approach. Specific 1. Recognize the wide of opportunities of advancement in office work in preparation in a more realistic approach. 2. Applying previously learned skills and knowledge in actual on the training. 3. Integrate previous learning to the level of competencies required to meet business standards. 4. Discharge effectively the duties of the secretary in taking down minutes of meeting 5. Exhibit the ability to coordinate satisfactorily all occupational training in an office job. 6. Write application letters effectively. 7. Develop ability to undergo interview. Values Aims: 1. Develop desirable personality character traits essential to success for office workers. 2. Demonstrate desirable personality character essential to success for office workers. 3. Develop love for work, desirable traits such as efficiency, punctuality, and accuracy, etc. Course Contents Time Allotment FIRST GRADING I. Orientation 2 hours A. PUP Philosophy, Mission and Strategies B. COED Philosophy, Mission and Objectives C. BOA Mission and Objective D. Course Contents, Requirement and Expectations 1. The Cooperative Program 2. Course Requirement 3. Opportunities for Advancement E. Filling up necessary forms for the on-the-job training 1. Personal date / application form 2. Training memorandum sheet 3. Training evaluation sheet II. Looking for a Job3 hours A. Sources of job opening 1. Newspaper advertisements 2. Placement agency 3. Relatives, friends etc. 4. Others B. Preparing and writing application letter 1. Mechanics of an application letter 2. Personal date sheet/bio-data C. Preparing for interview III. Review General Office Procedures6 hours A. Messengerial 1. Delivering mail 2. Running errands 3. Others B. Routinary 1. Screening telephone calls 2. Transferring telephone calls 3. Ushering visitors 4. Sorting files 5. Retrieving files 6. Indexing 7. Typing rough drafts 8. Typing receipts IV. The Secretary-Position and Qualification6 hours A. The Secretary Position 1. Secretary defined 2. Natural of Secretarial Work a. Factors affecting the nature of secretarial work b. Specialized secretarial work 3. Medical 4. Legal 5. Technical B. Specific Duties and Functions of the Secretary C. Handling callers-telephone callers and office callers 1. Types of Caller 2. Telephone Techniques D. Handling appointments 1. Accepting appointments 2. Cancelling appointments E. Filing 1. Basic filing systems and procedures 2. Arrangements of files 3. Types of files 4. Filing equipment and supplies SECOND GRADING F. Dictation and Transcription6 hours 1. The secretary as an A-1 Stenographer 2. Dictation procedures a. Tools used in taking dictation b. Answering the call for dictation c. Proper procedures in taking dictation d. Handling interruptions, pauses, changes while taking dictation e. Dictation problems f. Ending the dictation g. Developing dictation habit 3. Transcriptions System a. Nature of Transcription process 1. Pre-transcription process 2. Transcription aids and techniques 3. Corrects and changes in the dictated material 4. Preparing transcribed material for executive’s signature A. Features of mail able letter 5. Using sources of information a. Standard secretarial references b. References-directories on business concerns and people c. General information G. Handling mails and telegrams 1 Procedures in handling incoming outgoing mails 2 Classes of mails 3. Sending and receiving telegrams 4. Handling meeting and conferences H. Business meetings, conferences, and conventions a. Definitions of meetings, conferences, and conventions b. Major classification of business meetings 1. In house business meetings 2. Off premises meetings c. Distinction between formal and informal meetings 1. Preparations for meetings, conferences, and conventions a. In-house meetings readiness b. Editing and preparing meeting room materials c. Special arrangement for services 2. Duties of the secretary during meetings, conferences, and conventions a. In-house meeting room readiness b. Checklist of arrangement for outside meetings, etc. c. Receiving conference guests 3. Follow-up after meetings, conferences, and conventions a. Duties and activities depend upon whether the executive or boss is the chairperson in meeting b. Preparing for conferences and correspondences, reports meetings, and notation 4. Taking minutes of the meeting a. Preparing for the meeting b. Knowledge of meeting procedures 1. Familiarity with the order of business 2. Recording basic facts about the meeting c Transcribing the minutes of the meeting 1. Knowledge of the format 2. Composing the rough draft 3. Typing minutes in final form 4. Keeping books of the minutes 6. The secretary chair in the meeting a. planning ahead of the meeting b. Application of the parliamentary procedures c. The secretary addresses an audience V. The secretary in the personnel department6 hours A. Function of the personnel Department B. Duties and responsibilities of the secretary in the personnel department 1. Administrative work a. receiving job applicants b. interviewing the applicants c. administering tests 2. Liaison work a. facilitating social and insurance, medical, etc†¦ in proper agencies 3. Clerical work a. Controlling records of personnel 1. Procedures of record keeping 2. Records used in the personnel department b. Entertaining callers c. Scheduling interviews for job applicants Testing and Evaluation A. First Grading 1. Class Standing2/3 a. Recitation b. Quizzes c. Job exercises d. Problem Solving e. Others2 2. Department Test 1/3 a. Midterm B. Second Grading 1. Class Standing1/3 a. Recitation b. Quizzes c. Job Exercises d. Manual 2. Department Test1/3 a. Final Test 3. Actual on-the-job evaluation Final Grade = First grading (1/3) + Second Grading (2/3) Suggested Activities 1. Note taking from lectures 2. Reading from magazines, newspapers, and references dealing with relevant topics 3. Demonstrations and/or illustrations using visual aids like diagrams or charts on relevant subject 4. Skit presentations on relevant topics/role playing 5. Socialize recitations 6. Reporting on certain topics 7. Problem solving on isolated cases 8. Exercise in the application of the rules on indexing 9. Answering job exercises 10. Typing from letters and blank forms 11. Actual on-the-job training in an office completing 300 hours STATEMENT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT: There is a problem in implementing the program of our on-the-job training in our country, one example is that most of the time, the student trainee is not engaged in the jobs that is related to his/her course in that way of implementing the training, the learning that the student may acquire will not be related to his/her career in the future, thus, the training will be in vain. This feasibility study will determine the problems that a student trainee encounters in his/her On-the-Job training and sought to answer the following questions: 1. Did the student trainee have a meaningful task in his/her training? 2. Was the task assigned to the trainee related to his/her course? 3. Did the student trainee have regular supervision and guidance? 4. Did the student trainee acquire new skills in his/her training? PROJECT FRAMEWORK APPROACH: THEORY BASED PRINCIPLE Kirkpatricks Four-Level Training Evaluation Model Analyzing Training Effectiveness If you deliver training for your team or your organization, then you probably know how important it is to measure its effectiveness. After all, you dont want to spend time or money on training that doesnt provide a good return. This is where Kirkpatricks Four-Level Training Evaluation Model can help you objectively analyze the effectiveness and impact of your training, so that you can improve it in the future. In this article, well look at each of the Kirkpatrick four levels, and well examine how you can apply the model to evaluate training. Well also look at some of the situations where the model may not be useful. The Four Levels Donald Kirkpatrick, Professor Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin and past president of the American Society for Training and Development (ASTD), first published his Four-Level Training Evaluation Model in 1959, in the US Training and Development Journal. The model was then updated in 1975, and again in 1994, when he published his best-known work, Evaluating Training Programs. The four levels are: 1. Reaction. 2. Learning. 3. Behavior. 4. Results. Lets look at each level in greater detail. Level 1: Reaction This level measures how your trainees (the people being trained), reacted to the training. Obviously, you want them to feel that the training was a valuable experience, and you want them to feel good about the instructor, the topic, the material, its presentation, and the venue. Its important to measure reaction, because it helps you understand how well the training was received by your audience. It also helps you improve the training for future trainees, including identifying important areas or topics that are missing from the training. Level 2: Learning At level 2, you measure what your trainees have learned. How much has their knowledge increased as a result of the training? When you planned the training session, you hopefully started with a list of specific learning objectives: these should be the starting point for your measurement. Keep in mind that you can measure learning in different ways depending on these objectives, and depending on whether youre interested in changes to knowledge, skills, or attitude. Its important to measure this, because knowing what your trainees are learning and what they arent will help you improve future training. Level 3: Behavior At this level, you evaluate how far your trainees have changed their behavior, based on the training they received. Specifically, this looks at how trainees apply the information. Its important to realize that behavior can only change if conditions are favorable. For instance, imagine youve skipped measurement at the first two Kirkpatrick levels and, when looking at your groups behavior, you determine that no behavior change has taken place. Therefore, you assume that your trainees havent learned anything and that the training was ineffective. However, just because behavior hasnt changed, it doesnt mean that trainees havent learned anything. Perhaps their boss wont let them apply new knowledge. Or, maybe theyve learned everything you taught, but they have no desire to apply the knowledge themselves. Level 4: Results At this level, you analyze the final results of your training. This includes outcomes that you or your organization have determined to be good for business, good for the employees, or good for the bottom line. How to Apply the Model Level 1: Reaction Start by identifying how youll measure reaction. Consider addressing these questions: Did the trainees feel that the training was worth their time? Did they think that it was successful? What were the biggest strengths of the training, and the biggest weaknesses? Did they like the venue and presentation style? Did the training session accommodate their personal learning styles ? Next, identify how you want to measure these reactions. To do this youll typically use employee satisfaction surveys or questionnaires; however you can also watch trainees body language during the training, and get verbal feedback by asking trainees directly about their experience. Once youve gathered this information, look at it carefully. Then, think about what changes you could make, based on your trainees feedback and suggestions. Level 2: Learning To measure learning, start by identifying what you want to evaluate. (These things could be changes in knowledge, skills, or attitudes. ) Its often helpful to measure these areas both before and after training. So, before training commences, test your trainees to determine their knowledge, skill levels, and attitudes. Once training is finished, test your trainees a second time to measure what they have learned, or measure learning with interviews or verbal assessments. Level 3: Behavior It can be challenging to measure behavior effectively. This is a longer-term activity that should take place weeks or months after the initial training. Consider these questions: Did the trainees put any of their learning to use? Are trainees able to teach their new knowledge, skills, or attitudes to other people? Are trainees aware that theyve changed their behavior? One of the best ways to measure behavior is to conduct observations and interviews over time. Also, keep in mind that behavior will only change if conditions are favorable. For instance, effective learning could have taken place in the training session. But, if the overall organizational culture isnt set up for any behavior changes, the trainees might not be able to apply what theyve learned. Alternatively, trainees might not receive support, recognition, or reward for their behavior change from their boss. So, over time, they disregard the skills or knowledge that they have learned, and go back to their old behaviors. Level 4: Results Of all the levels, measuring the final results of the training is likely to be the most costly and time consuming. The biggest challenges are identifying which outcomes, benefits, or final results are most closely linked to the training, and coming up with an effective way to measure these outcomes over the long term. Here are some outcomes to consider, depending on the objectives of your training: Increased employee retention. Increased production. Higher morale. Reduced waste. Increased sales. Higher quality ratings. Increased customer satisfaction. Fewer staff complaints. Considerations Although Kirkpatricks Four-Level Training Evaluation Model is popular and widely used, there are a number of considerations that need to be taken into account when using the model. One issue is that it can be time-consuming and expensive to use levels 3 or 4 of the model, so its not practical for all organizations and situations. This is especially the case for organizations that dont have a dedicated training or human resource department, or for one-off training sessions or programs. In a similar way, it can be expensive and resource intensive to wire up an organization to collect data with the sole purpose of evaluating training at levels 3 and 4. (Whether or not this is practical depends on the systems already in place within the organization. ) The model also assumes that each levels importance is greater than the last level, and that all levels are linked. For instance, it implies that Reaction is less important, ultimately, than Results, and that reactions must be positive for learning to take place. In practice, this may not be the case. Most importantly, organizations change in many ways, and behaviors and results change depending on these, as well as on training. For example, measurable improvements in areas like retention and productivity could result from the arrival of a new boss or from a new computer system, rather than from training. Kirkpatricks model is great for trying to evaluate training in a scientific way, however, so many variables can be changing in fast-changing organizations that analysis at level 4 can be limited in usefulness. Key Points The Kirkpatrick Four-Level Training Evaluation Model helps trainers to measure the effectiveness of their training in an objective way. The model was originally created by Donald Kirkpatrick in 1959, and has since gone through several updates and revisions. The Four-Levels are as follows: 1. Reaction. 2. Learning. 3. Behavior. 4. Results. By going through and analyzing each of these four levels, you can gain a thorough understanding of how effective your training was, and how you can improve in the future. Bear in mind that the model isnt practical in all situations, and that measuring the effectiveness of training with the model can be time-consuming and use a lot of resources. CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE PROJECT: 1. The input contains the problems encountered by the student trainees and the theories that the researchers used as a basis of pursuing this study. 2. The process involves a survey questionnaire that was disseminated to the students of PUPQC, the researchers also have an interview. The process also involves the implementation of the OJT program that is based on the practicum syllabus of the PUPQC, it also involves the memorandum of agreement that was between the school and the company and the process also involves coordination to the administrators of PUPQC. net and to the president of the vox nova, the official publication of PUPQC. 3. The expected output of this study will be a tie-up with PUPQC and the company who will implement the OJT program of PUPQC and the those trusted companies will be advertised in the PUPQC. net and will be included in the publication of Vox Nova. The program process CONTEXTUALIZATION OF THE PROJECT The Program process explained The on-the-job student trainees of PUPQC will let the on-the-job training hunters seek for a company where they can have their on-the-job training and where the OJT program is executed properly. The on-the-job training hunters will be the ones who will process the application of the on-the-job student trainees of PUPQC, they will be paid for this service, and after they found a company that is willing to implement the OJT program of PUPQC, the OJT student will now be sent to the office for physical appearance and exams to be able to be accepted to the recommended company, after the student trainees were accepted in the recommended company, the OJT professor and the OJT hunters will monitor the company, if the trainees are trained properly and if the OJT program is executed properly. If they found out that the student trainees is being trained well and the OJT program is executed properly the company will be given a certificate that will certify them as an industrial partner of PUP, and their company logo and profile will be advertised at the PUPQC. net and to the Vox Nova (the official publication of PUPQC), and they will be given a booth each and every time that there is a job fair in PUP. KEY ASSUMPTIONS Nowadays, On-the-job trainees have no special training and not designated to his/her course or designated but not requiring them of job rotation causing to limited learning. On-the-Job-Training with industrial partners will be the way for the On the Job training program to be implemented properly. CHAPTER 2-TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY Technical Requirements A detailed description of technical requirements, usually with specific acceptance criteria, stated in terms suitable to form the basis for the actual design development and production processes of an item having the qualities specified in the operational characteristics. Existence On-The-Job Training program for students is always available in companies with different nature in the Philippines. OJT is a part of curriculum of every college and university in the Philippines. Economist Bernardo Villegas reports that DTS graduates in the Philippines are more than just skilled technicians. Besides their technical skills, Villegas adds, they are steeped in virtues and work values that make them contribute significantly to their company’s productivity and esteemed citizen-workers in their communities. In 2009, there were 348 TESDA accredited companies and 57 schools in the DTS program. Some 1, 009 trainees were enrolled in various training qualifications and 1,187 trainees competed their training during the year. DTS model implementors include the partnerships of Punlaan School and EDSA Shangri-la Hotel for food and beverage services and Jacobo Z. Gonzales Memorial School of Arts and Trades and Fujitso Ten Corporation, Philippines in electronics technology. Foreign chambers of commerce based in Manila acknowledge the advantages of dual training and the need for students to undergo longer and rigorous internships in companies to equip them with better skills. Chris Ward, board member of the Australia-New Zealand Chamber of Commerce, said that there is a need to develop a dual training program where college students will have longer working hours in companies. The Meralco Technological Institute (formerly Meralco Foundation) has been offering scholarships for two-year DTS courses in automotive and motorcycle technology, industrial mechatronics, refrigeration and air-conditioning, network administration, and marine technology. The dual training system in the Philippines One of the more preferred training modality for enterprise-based training in the Philippines today is the dual training system (DTS) being implemented by TESDA. The DTS, as its name suggests, is a training modality that combines theoretical and practical training. It is called dual training because learning takes place alternately in two venues: the school or training center and the company or workshop. In DTS, the school and workplace share the responsibility of providing trainees with well-coordinated learning experiences and opportunities. This close cooperation between the school and the company ensures that the trainees are fully equipped with employable skills, work knowledge, and attitudes at the end of the training. The general and occupation-related theoretical instruction provided by the school is complemented by on-the-job training in the workplace. Trainees under the DTS spend at least 40 percent of the training/learning time in school and 60 percent for practical training in the company. Dual approach in training The dual approach in education and training has been put to work in such country programs as apprenticeship, on-the-job training, supervised industry training, practicum and internship. The German model of the DTS was first introduced in the Philippines in the 1980s through a joint project of the Southeast Asian Science Foundation and the Hanns Seidel Foundation in the pioneer school- Dualtech Training Center. The Dualtech experience was replicated in select public and private technical schools nationwide by the then Bureau of Technical and Vocational Education in 1991. In February 1994, President Fidel V. Ramos signed into law Republic Act No. 7686 or the Dual Training System Act of 1994 which calls for the institutionalization of the DTS in accredited public and private educational institutions, training centers, and agricultural, industrial and business establishments. Under the DTS Law, TESDA is mandated to promote, coordinate, and administer the dual training system. The school-industry partnership component of the system is a vital determinant of program success and effectiveness. They start working together in making the training plan and determining the best way by which the trainee can learn as much knowledge and skills during the training period. Two training venues In school, the trainee learns basic trade theory, work values, good citizenship, safety and related theory subjects in mathematics, drawing and social sciences. At the company or workshop, the trainees learn job skills through practical exercises using state of the art technology. Aside from technical skills, the trainees also learn good work habits and how to get along well with others. The many benefits for the trainee, school or training institution, and the company made the DTS click as a training modality. The trainees’ access to the expertise and resources available and the well-coordinated delivery of instructional activities in both learning venues guarantees quality and relevant training. DTS graduates are equipped with up-to-date and appropriate work knowledge, skills and attitudes making them highly competitive and â€Å"wanted† in the labor market. The companies’ participation in drawing up the DTS training plan helps ensure that the workers being trained are the type and quality that industry requires. Optimum use of school and company facilities and resources allows the admission of more trainees- mostly from poor families who have no means of attending vocational training courses in fee-charging schools and training centers. Availability On the job training is offered in many different firms in the Philippines. Nowadays, there are several companies in the Philippines who have an On-The-Job training program it includes the government sector and the private sector as well, in the private sector there are different industries that are using On-The-Job training program, we have the manufacturing industry, service industry, merchandising industry. Many firms nowadays especially in government agencies, do not give allowances to their student trainees, and the job that they provide for their student trainee is not related to the course of the trainee. Limitations and Constraints Some of the firms are taking the on the job training for students, lightly. Thus, we have formed these agreements in our Memorandum-of-agreement to ensure that the student trainees will be engage in actual jobs that is related to their courses. The limitations and constraints of this project, is based on the memorandum-of-agreement issued by the university/college to the company who will implement the propose project. These are the following terms and conditions included in the MOA: A. The UNIVERSITY shall: 1. provide the on-the-job student-trainee the basic orientation on work values, behavior, and discipline to ensure smooth cooperation with the COMPANY; 2. issue an official endorsement vouching for the well being of the on-the-job student-trainee which shall be used by the COMPANY for processing the application of the student-trainee; 3. coordinate with the company/office/firm on the implementation of the existing training standard; 4. require trainee to keep updated report book ready for inspection at any given time; 5. provide administrative support for the monitoring of attendance and performance of the trainees undergoing on-the-job training; 6. ensure that the provision of this agreement are properly implemented and coordinated in the company for the purpose of ensuring high standard of training under the ______________________(course of student). B. The COMPANY shall: 1. Not be obliged to employ student-trainee upon completion of the training; but the COMPANY may absorb a student-trainee who has an outstanding performance. 2. require qualified students to submit themselves to examinations, interviews, and file pertinent documents to support their application; 3. assure that the trainees proper work values and attitude are matched with the company’s requirements or corporate values and culture. 4. accommodate trainees for supervised in-plant training for a period of _________ hours; 5. make available, free of charge, the consumable materials and basic hand tools and equipment necessary for the training; 6. Designate trainees to respective workstation eight hours daily and may be requested to work beyond eight hours and be paid accordingly. Provided, there are no regular workers to do the job and the job is of the kind where the trainee has already demonstrated high proficiency. The excess hour rendered shall be paid training allowance based on the overtime scheme of the company; 7. allow practicum coordinator of ________(name of school) to visit the station at least four days in a month to monitor the status of the program; 8. ensure that the provisions of this agreement are properly implemented and coordinated with PUP QC for the purpose of ensuring high standards of training under the program; 9. provide first-aid assistance to the trainee when injured while in the performance of his/her assigned task. C. The STUDENT shall: 1. Be personally responsible for any and all liabilities arising from negligence in the performance of his/her duties and functions while under training. D. The following terms and conditions are likewise included: 1. The COMPANY reserves the right to discontinue the On-the-Job Training of the trainee on reasonable grounds upon written notice to the party of the first part. The discontinuation shall take effect immediately upon receipt of the said notice. The reasonable grounds that may terminate the trainees training are the following: Habitual absenteeism from in-plant and related theoretical instruction. Willful disobedience of company rules or insubordination to lawful order of superior; Poor physical condition, permanent disability or prolonged illness which incapacitates the trainee from working; Theft or malicious destruction of company property and or equipment; Inefficiency of performance on the in-plant/school training for a prolonged period despite warnings duly given to the trainee. Engaging in violence or other form of gross misconduct inside the company’s premises. 2. The University may likewise, pull-out trainees from the in-plant training for reasonable grounds after a written no

Indian Boarding Schools Education Essay

Indian Boarding Schools Education Essay Indian Boarding Schools Education Essay Example Indian Boarding Schools Education Essay Example Boarding schools are establishments in which students reside throughout the terms. They eat and sleep there, and this fact actually defines the word â€Å"boarding† as bed and board. However, some institutions of this kind have learners who come to school daily and go back home in the evening. Unfortunately, most of the children end up not spending their childhood and adolescence with their parents. Care is nevertheless provided by the teaching staff in the schools as well as dorm parents who are responsible for the pupils. In western countries, boarding schools have three terms each lasting up to twelve weeks. The pupils go home for a short break in the middle of the term. Indian boarding schools came into existence during the 20th century. Their formation resulted from several reasons, and they were located in the United States of America (Pruter 40). They were meant to provide skills and knowledge to the natives’ children in the US according to the set educational principles. Among the people who founded the boarding schools were the Christian missionaries. The main purpose of the establishments under consideration was to provide education to children from poor backgrounds in less populated areas as well as places where there were no such social amenities nearby. The kids were taught how to speak in English and dress as the Americans. Consequently, it became hard for children to interconnect to their parents since they could only speak in English. The administration, however, supported this inventiveness. Later in the early 20th century, more schools came up based on integration. For differentiation purposes, the native children would have distinct haircuts that would distinguish them from the others. They were ordered not to speak their language, and their original names were changed into American names. All these things were done to incorporate the kids into the new American culture. Sometimes they were treated in an unkind manner, and small children who were not used to staying far away from their parents suffered a lot from it. With time, however, kids started enjoying the rich cultural exchange, and Indian people could now get American jobs. Nevertheless, an author by the name Sitting Bull criticizes the development and existence of these schools. He says that people should appreciate themselves whether white or black since that is how the Great Spirit meant them to be. Another famous man, Henry Ward Beecher, relates these institutions to a stomach through which all students pass and, consequently, are assimilated or embraced into new generation (Pruter 67). The life and work experience of Henry Ward Beecher contributed immensely to his strong stand against the Indian boarding schools. He was an opponent of issues that he thought were not up to standards as well as a social reformer. Being a preacher, he ensured that his family understood clearly the religion and followed it to the letter. He also went to school and studied the relationship between a person’s behavior and function (Kilde and Gonzales 37). Later, he got married and had eight children; however, the half of them passed away. The man was really interested in the high rate of slavery that was exhibited in his country. As a result, he supported military partisans who aimed at stopping people from voting for anti-abolitionist platforms and provided weapons to injure and kill the anti-abolitionists. Beecher also ordered Abraham Lincoln to release all the slaves. Not surprisingly, he gained favor with many people due to his actions. He insisted that God was part of nature and nobody had a right to interfere with his work. His life experience clearly explains his stand on boarding schools. Beecher criticized them since that was where cultural evils were carried out on innocent children (Schacht 54). According to his quote, common schools were the stomachs of the country where people were assimilated to another community. Those were the places where the pupils were forced to change their cultures and traditions in order to fit in to the ways of life of the Americans. Sitting Bull also had a life and work experience that makes his strong criticism against boarding schools clear. He was an American chief who was native. His community struggled to survive in the country. In 1874, gold was discovered in South Dakota, thus, leading to conflicts with the United States of America. The wars continued for a while; however, the natives had to give up the fight since the people were on the verge of death due to the lack of food (Pruter 30). Sitting Bull was later shot dead while being detained by the government of America. They though he would lead a movement aimed at recovering the gold and reinstating the living standards of the people. In his tribe, Sitting Bull was seen as a fighter and a man with a great vision for his community. He is commemorated for being persistent and fighting against the supremacy of white people in America (Kilde and Gonzales 88). Sitting Bull was also an opponent of the boarding schools since he strongly believed that the cultu re of the Native Americans did not have to change since it was unique in its own way. In his quote, he says that if God had wished him to be a white man, he would have done so in the first place. Each person whether black or white is equal in God’s eyes; hence, there was no need of trying to force the natives to incorporate into the culture of the Americans. He gives an analogy that it is not necessary for eagles to become crows. Each individual should feel comfortable wherever they are. The opinions of the two men about boarding schools were fair. Children there faced a lot of challenges. Concerning those who were greatly attached to their families, it was wise to involve them into the decision making before sending to such a school. These institutions were not always the best places for everyone. Such involvement would help the kids to feel appreciated. In boarding schools, the children also gained various experiences. They were either of help or affected their lives negatively. Moreover, they had no option but to adhere to the rules and regulations that governed the schools regardless of who brought those rules into existence. Additionally, for a child to be accepted into boarding school, there was a tendency that he/she had to demonstrate the ability to show good performance in their exams, and a failure meant that a pupil would repeat a year or more. Not surprisingly, this was seen as a torture to the child. Furthermore, upon joining a boarding school, some of students were bullied by the others. This was a bad behavior that led to some children losing their lives and traumatized other kids who witnessed the act. Actually, it was seen as a place where children who were rejected by their families were sent. It was not of any help as the kids did not put any effort to improve their behavior. Therefore, boarding schools should stop being seen as a disciplinary measure for those with rather bad character. There were also other drawbacks that children experienced in boarding schools. They would spend more of their time in schools than at home (Schacht 66). This kept them away from their parents denying them the pleasure of experiencing parental love. Therefore, this affected their social and inner progress. The children felt excessive periods of stress, and they became discouraged and socially secluded. This influenced their relationship with their parents, brothers and sisters. Furthermore, due to a high number of classes and extracurricular activities, the pupils lacked the time for their personal interests (Pruter 93). This is because most boarding schools were structured with a lot of rules and laws that governed the children. Not surprisingly, some students tried to fight against these regulations since they felt harassed. Being in boarding schools, the children were anticipated to perform some responsibilities before they attended lectures. These duties included cleaning of classrooms, the compound around the establishment and other activities. Some of these tasks might have been too hard for the students to handle. This could be termed to be more of slavery. On the other hand, children in boarding schools had more personal attention from their teachers than children in day schools. This factor was a result of a small number of pupils in the schools. This personal attention helped the children to improve greatly in their academic performance since they were more engaged with their teachers. Large amounts of school fees were charged, and, therefore, this allowed employing more qualified workers and buying much better resources compared to day schools. This factor contributed greatly to the development of the student’s educational life. The resources included good libraries, better playing fields and excellent equipment in the science laboratories. Consequently, the students had an opportunity to develop well in all social aspects of life since they were more exposed to modern facilities. Life in boarding schools helped the students grow self-sufficiently and become established individuals (Pruter 70). This is because they were away from family life, and they had to make their own decisions. In case the students needed any help when faced with problems, there were counseling services programs offered by the institution. Since the students in boarding school mostly met as strangers, they had to make friendship with the fellow pupils for them to start living together (Kilde and Gonzales 50). This helped them improve their way of interaction in new environments. Additionally, the children spent a lot of time with their teachers; hence, they benefited from first hand pieces of advice as the lecturers were readily available. In case a pupil faced challenges when doing the homework, a professional teacher was available to help that is the opposite of what happened in day schools where they had to be helped by the parents. To summarize, despite all the benefits of the boarding schools, these were many drawbacks that the students that influenced the attitude of the two men. According to Beecher, the children became part of the life that they experienced in these institutions since they had to adhere to the rules that controlled them in school. Sitting Bull saw the life there as a situation when the students lost their cultural values and started practicing those of others (Schacht 63). The legacy of these establishments includes abusive deeds, loss of cultural behaviors and tribal history, drug abuse, suicide, irresponsibility and slavery (Kilde and Gonzales 110). This made boarding schools to be unsuccessful. The authors were right since their quotes mention is exactly what students who went through boarding school experienced.

Marketing Project Example

Marketing Project Example Marketing Project Example The marketing project example is the type of creative work aimed to successfully advertise products or services. Â  In the modern world, the trend of preferring local producers of all the possible goods is becoming more popular every year. People tend to believe that a local producer would have the best quality of grocery or other goods just because they are produced in the area around consumers. That is why, the marketing project example is going to describe the campaign designed for the local company. To start the local company, an entrepreneur should do a huge amount of work. An essential step is to conduct a marketing campaign about the product of the future company to find out the market size, possible revenue, and volume of sales. The company, which would be the scope of the research is the new grocery store with one hundred percent natural, GMO and pesticides free products. The first step of each marketing campaign is setting the goal of it. It sounds slightly easy but each purpose of sales or marketing should have different campaigns, which use different tools and methods to operate it. In the case of launching a new local grocery brand, the marketing campaign should answer the questions about intended volume of sales, market size, and expectations about profit. The deadline for this marketing project completion is three months, which is enough to conduct an extensive research and analyze the obtained results. The success of the marketing project and its level of confidence mainly depends on the methods of marketing research, which were to create this project. It means that methodology should be chosen very carefully. In the case of a new grocery store, it was decided to choose an effective mix of methods, which would provide both scientific and ‘field’ data. Firstly, focus-group method would be applied. It would help to get the scientific social information about the intended consumers of this area and to assess the prospects of the new store. The second method would be the observation of the real grocery events during two months. It would provide the marketing specialists with the most relevant information, which is gathered ‘on the field’. The reason of choosing those two methods is because they support each other. One is very credible with small groups, but still is a sociological one, which means that it could have irrelevant data because of the focus-group size. Another method is not so exact, but it provides a general idea about the market and prospects of the new brand. After two months, the research specialists could start working with gathered information to organize it into the proper marketing project summary. The obtained information was gathered by fifty focus groups; each consisted of fifteen people with a different demographic background. Furthermore, the analysis of eleven events from the intended market, for instance, weekend grocery markets or thematic events of this industry have also given some relevant info. The marketing specialists made an excellent job to analyze the obtained data, using the last version of STATISTICS software. The marketing project is credible and relevant, which is shown by the 95 percent confidence of the obtained data. References Hall, R. (2009). Brilliant marketing. Harlow, England: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kerin, R., Hartley, S., Rudelius, W. (2009). Marketing. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Peck, D. (2011). Think before you engage. Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley Sons. Treadaway, C. Smith, M. (2010). Facebook marketing. Indianapolis: Wiley Pub.

Discuss Constantine, his Conversion to Christianity and the end of the Essay - 1

Discuss Constantine, his Conversion to Christianity and the end of the Roman Empire - Essay Example However, in the Roman Empire the government distrusted Christians and this implied that they were the minority in a society that was filled with pagans. During this period, the Christians followed the Christian way of life by obeying authorities such as bishops and the rule of law, but they refused to abide by the customs of the pagans. The government was filled with pagans, and this prompted it to single out the Christians, but they held on strongly to Christianity and they were not moved by the constant harassments they underwent. This scenario prompted Christians to be killed and continued to unite them further in their fight to be allowed freedom of worship. Prior to the end of the roman empire Diocletian, who was an emperor during this time declared Christianity as forbidden and churches were demolished. In addition to this, Christians were denied their legal rights all in the efforts of completely removing Christianity from the society. Around the year 299, disruption of the pagan rituals and burning of the Diocletian’s palace caused many Christians to be killed since they were blamed for these occurrences. However, the persecutions did not completely destroy Christianity, and this is the time when Constantine took up the fight to restore Christianity because he was disturbed by the persecution they underwent. Constantine had encountered many of the harassments against Christians since he was brought up in Diocletian’s court and he found them disturbing. Before the battle between the Christians and pagans at the Milvian Bridge, he had a dream where God instructed on how they would encounter the pagans. During this time, he was not a Christian, but he had a vow that if he won this battle he would fight for Christians for the rest of his reign. His mother was a Christian and she had instilled Christianity values in him, so he had the zeal to fight for their rights. The Christians won this battle, and he believed that God

Critical Summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critical Summaries - Essay Example Mimics and gestures are also predetermined by culture. At the same time, some facial expressions are universal. Russell (1991) considers different points of view and recognizes limitations of his study. Provided literature review clearly explains different approaches to emotion categorization. Significance of culture and language in emotion cognition become clear when Russell (1991) supports them with examples and observations. This article becomes the point of departure for further research in sociocultural aspect of emotions. The article The Construction of Emotion in Interactions, Relationships, and Cultures by Boiger and Mesquita (2012) presents the main argument that emotions are constructed in the process of social interactions. Authors list three main contexts of interactions which can be moment-to-moment, ongoing relationships and sociocultural. Moment-to-moment interactions motivate emotional responses in people which become parts of ongoing relationships that exist in bigger sociocultural context. All these contexts define uniqueness and character of emotional response people express in the process of communication. Boiger and Mesquita (2012) oppose naturalist models which define emotions as universal, invariant and innate programs. Their line of reasoning relies on developmental psychology which studies emotion formation in infants and adults. For instance, infants develop their in the process of interaction with their caregivers. Being in relationships, people do not only express their emotions, but share them. As a result, their emotions adapt to the kind of relationships they have. Finally, sociocultural context often defines expected emotional responses in particular situations. Overall, Boiger and Mesquita (2012) back their argument referring to other relevant research with makes their article persuasive. They present enough facts and examples to apply their theory practically and show how it works.

Utilitarianism Theory Summary and Evaluation

Utilitarianism Theory Summary and Evaluation Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that is generally credited to Jeremy Bentham. Bentham and John stuart Mill are seen to be the two leading exponents of the theory. Mill, writing after Bentham, adapted some of his ideas into a slightly different version of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory, which means that it decides on what is right or wrong solely on the consequences of an action or the circumstances that this action brings about. The theory is relative, it judges situations separately and does not impose set rules of guide lines on actions to be observed in every case. This avoids the major problems one sees with absolutist theories such as Natural law or Kantian ethics. What is right is what brings about pleasure and Thomas Carlyle raised the criticism that it is a doctrine worthy only of swine as a direct criticism of this. What Carlyle is saying is that those adhering to a utilitarian way of morality are only satisfying basic desires and are just an imals. As humans with reason and intelligence it seems Carlyle wants more out of an ethical theory than what Utilitarianism gives. I will discuss Benthams utilitarianism and then Mills adaption in an attempt to show Mill escapes the problems faced by Bentham. Bentham saw humanity as being completely centered around two things. Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. For this reason his ethical theory is entirely concerned with the two. Bentham saw it that everyone wants pleasure and nobody wants pain. From this he derived the principle of utility which was that the good is whatever brings the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people. What is right to do in every situation is bring about the most pleasure and minimise the pain. Every moral dilemma is judged individually as even though the circumstances may be familiar to ones we have faced before there are always variables, for example in the size of the group effected. So what was right to do in a previous situation may not be the best thing to do in the new situation we are faced with. Bentham understood that all situations are different and created a way of comparing levels and pain and pleasure brought about by a decision w ith a system of calculation. Bentham called this the felicific calculus. Each situation would be judged on seven criteria: Intensity (how strong the pleasure is), duration (how long it lasts), certainty or uncertainty of the pain or pleasure, propinquity (how soon the pleasure will occur), fecundity (the question of whether an action will be followed with similar good circumstances, purity (that it wont be followed by sensations of a negative kind) and finally the extent of the pleasure. In the felicific calculus any individual counts as one, he did not discriminate. Bentham proposes that in every situation we look at all these fields and through doing so we could calculate whether one action would be better than a different one. For example if the extent of the pleasure in the long run outweighs a temporary disadvantage or negative situation then the action is right. One may argue that his attempt to turn morality into a type of math is in fact impractical, will we always have the time to weigh up all the issues surrounding our action. Also how can we really measure pleasure, we cant easily attempt to do it in units. Bentham was anti-elitist in the sense that he saw everyones pleasure to count as the same and saw all types of pleasure under the title pleasure. He argued himself that pushpin is as good as poetry. This is where Carlyle is criticising him. He sees utilitarianism to be promoting a lifestyle that is very unattractive in the sense of only catering for your basic needs and desires. For example through this type of utilitarianism one can justify stealing in a lot of cases and things like sleeping around. As long as you are happy and maximising your pleasure then you are doing the right actions. Bentham himself would argue that it is better to be this type of person satisfied than an individual attempting to be more virtuous dissatisfied. As animals do not possess reason or intelligence like humans all they do is satisfy their basic urges. Carlyle was saying that we have this ability to consider further our own actions and be far more compassionate that Bentham seemed to be saying we can be and for this reason he saw utilitarian ideas as acceptable only to animals. One example given to display this is a situation in which a number of guards holding a prisoner are beating him. As there are more guards beating than people being beaten the suffering is outweighed and so the clearly immoral act being done by the guards is accepted. Obviously it is not in all cases that Benthams ideas justify immoral actions but for the sole reason that it does justify them at times it is strongly criticised. Utilitarianism can be seen as quite the opposite, as a very compassionate theory, with the example of widely disputed topic of euthanasia. Utilitarians could argue that killing some one to save them from years of potential suffering is the right thing to do. They are taking into account the desires of the individual and by weighing up pain and pleasure to come to a compassionate conclusion. Nevertheless, Carlyles criticism is a very strong one and in the face of it this where J.S. Mills adaption can be promoted. Mill, attracted by Benthams theory, still saw this great problem with it and attempted to change parts of it to counter the issue. Mill did this by describing happiness as being the thing we are seeking instead of pleasure. He still saw this idea of there as being one sole intrinsic good but it instead of it being a purely physical pleasure he looked at it in in a different way: happiness as a mental pleasure. For what is good and what one desires are different things. This more virtuous attempt at utilitarian thinking promotes mental pleasure often over physical pleasure. Mill thought that my seeing all pleasure as equal was a fundamental problem with Benthams thinking so he believed that by discriminating between different types pleasure and in turn ordering them he could start to move away from the unattractiveness of Benthams utilitarianism. He stated that h e did not see pushpin as being equal to poetry Mill was involving a sense of dignity that he believed all of us had and argued that physical pleasure would in many cases be rated below mental pleasures and so straight away we can see the improvement he has made to the theory in light of Carlyle criticism. Returning to the previous situation in which we see the prisoner being beaten for the pleasure of the guards, now with these higher and lower order pleasure, things are different. Now the utilitarian can argue that the sadistic pleasure the guards are getting out of the beating would rate much lower than say the mental pleasure that comes with being a compassionate human being. So now the suffering of the prisoner outweighs the marginal pleasure, in comparison to a theory with no higher or lower order pleasure, so the act is not justified. Mill said himself that it was better to be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfied and better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfie d. Through seeking out mental pleasure or physical ones Mill would argue we are acting in the right way. It would be obvious in many case which pleasure rates over another, for example sadistic pleasure being badly rated. However one big criticism of Mill is that there are too many situations in which it is too hard to discriminate as to which pleasure rates over the other. One rather tedious example is the question of whether the music of Bach is equal to that of Mozart. Still the criticism raised is an issue. Mill argued for the idea of competent judgement, he stated that one could see if a pleasure was higher than another if the majority of a group of competent judges, one was competent to judge if they had experienced both pleasure in question, came to the decision that it rated over the other. Although Mill is trying to promote right moral action he undoubtedly faces some difficulty in doing so through his utilitarian approach. A label applied to Mills thinking after his time was Rule utilitarianism. This terminology comes about from Mills discussion that from our past experiences we saw it plausible to adhere once again to certain behaviour or decisions that in the past were seen to bring about or promote a great sense of happiness. If the action is always good in different circumstances then we can create for ourselves a type of rule which is that we should always do this certain action in every situation. Bentham was described as being an Act utilitarian as he saw the opposite: every situation should be judged independently every time. Whether or not these labels are a fair representation of the two different theories within utilitarianism is questionable but the strange sense of the utilisation of absolute ideas is interesting. His adaption tries to compensate for the lack of absolutism that is often felt to be essential when looking for a good code of ethics. One example would be promoting truth telling. One should always tell the truth as it brings about peace of mind and is recognised as the morally right thing to do a lot of the time. However by appea sing to the idea of absolutism this section of his thinking takes on the burdens that absolutism bears. The are always certain situations in which the absolute law seems like the worst thing to do; the extreme example used by Kant of not lying to a murderer who is going to kill your friend and asking his whereabouts would seem like a completely immoral act. Also Mill is criticised for falling short in the exact same way that Bentham has. Mill does not discuss the distribution of happiness and similarly we could see his theory allowing unjust or undeserved unhappiness. In terms of number, could we increase the number of sadistic prison guards to an extent where the scale tips back over to the other side again? Through looking at the charge that utilitarianism is a doctrine worthy only of swine I also see it necessary to show that Mill offered proof for the principle of utility. He argued that happiness is desirable as an end, stating that something was visible if people can see it and in the same way something was desirable if people desire it. People do actually desire happiness. Through showing that everyones happiness is desirable and only happiness is desirable as an end I think that Mill is showing that his version of utilitarianism is not a doctrine worthy only of swine instead it is an ethical code promoting a good sense of living. It is true that Mill has succeeded where Bentham appears to have failed so when discussing the charge I do not think you could answer in way that is so black and white. I would argue that this charge against Benthams theory is not undeserved as it seems foolish to be basing a code of morality on the concept of physical pleasure. When looking at this charg e against Mills adapted version I see it as ungrounded. What Mill is trying to Promote is a virtuous code of living in which some one acts in what is considered across the board to be a morally good way of living. I see Mills writing to be worthy of far more than merely swine. Peter Vardy and Paul Grosch-The Puzzle Of Ethics. Pages 63-72 and 81-83, 1999 John Cottingham-Western Philosophy and Anthology. Pages 512-517, 2008 J.S Mill-Utilitarianism and On Liberty: Including Essay on Bentham and Selections from the Writings of Jeremy Bentham and John Austin. Pages 12 -16 John Rawls- Classical utilitarianism, Theory of justice, pages 22-27, Oxford ,1971 pages 22-27

India Asean Free Trade Agreement

INDIAN-ASEAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT A TERM PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (HONOURS SCHOOL) Supervisor :Submitted by: Dr. Rajesh KumarKumar Ranjan M. S. Sc. (Hons. ) 2nd Semester Roll No. 12 [pic] SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY AMRITSAR 2009 INTRODUCTION India and the association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) have concluded negotiations for a free trade Agreement (FTA) after years of difficult negotiations. This agreement will be signed into a treaty at India-ASEAN summit to be held in Bangkok on February 26,2009 (Economic times, January 27, 2009) if every thing goes as planned. Expectation from India ASEAN FTA are high. Joint Media statement of Sixth ASEAM Economic Minister (AEM)-India consultations states that â€Å"the AIFTA (ASEAN-India free trade agreement) could be major avenue in harnessing the region’s vast economic potentials towards sustained progress and improved welfare not only for ASEAN and India but for greater East Asian regions as well†. The India-ASEAN FTA is the result of many international and domestic factors on one hand, the trend of international regionalization and the proliferation of FTA’s and the failure of the Doha round of Multilateral talks to yield concrete results led both India and the ASEAN countries to consider alternative solution towards free trade. On the other hand the adoption policies by India and ASEAN to develop better cooperation with their immediate neighbours in recent years has helped accelerate this negotiation. (www. e_pao. net) INDIA AND ASEAN: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Although India and ASEAN countries have shared cultural and historical ties, India’s interaction with ASEAN countries was quite limited during the cold war as the two pursued policies which were not very conducive to deep rooted interaction. Soon after the end of second world war, India championed the process of decolonization and drew recognition and appreciation from different parts of the world. It become one of the founding members of Non-aligned Movement (NAM). Even though Indonesia was also a member of NAM alongside India, this relationship did not extend beyond that (Sinha, 2007 pg. 357) The arrival of bipolar politics in southeast Asia, the Vietnam crisis and India’s close ties with the Soviet union led to the adoption of divergent policies by both India and ASEAN. ASEAN was formed in 1967 during the Vietnam war primarily to diffuse regional conflict and to promote better relations between members. Communists victory in Vietnam, Laos and combodia soon worsened the already fragile security situation of southeast Asia. Thus by 1976, ASEAN was forced to contemplate to become an association with security as its main concern. The reunification of veitnam and the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia created another security dilemma. Sinha, 2007 pg. 350). While ASEAN chastised Vietnam, India supported Vietnam. ASEAN’s suspicions of the soviet union and the paronoia it had with anything communist led many including India, to regard ASEAN as allies of the capitalists and pro-American bloc. Suspicions was so high during this time that refused to hold dialogues with A SEAN twice in 1975 and 1980. But with end of the cold war, interactions between India and ASEAN became more frequent: and relations between the two began to improve at very fast pace. Following the end of cold war and collapse of soviet union, India began to adopt liberalization policies. Mean while, ASEAN has also emerged as an important regional organization with great potential and opportunities for growth. The transformation of the international system and new outlook led to the adoption of the Look East policy in 1991, it marked a strategic shift in its foreign policy and perceptions towards its eastern neighbours. ASEAN’s strategic importance in the larger Asia-Pacific region and the potentials it has in becoming India’s major partner in trade and investment also added an impetus to India to develop closer ties with it. In addition, considering the proposed South Asian Free Tade Area (SAFTA) is unlikely to produce any solid outcome, this policy shift and agreement on the part of India is a strategic s it is important. In continuance of India’s Look East policy, the process of interregional cooperation was institutionalized with India becoming a sectoral Dialogue partner of ASEAN in 1992; a full dialogue partner in 1995 and member of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in 1996. India because a summit level partner of ASEAN in 2002 and concluded the ASEAN-India partnership for peace, progress and shared prosperity in 2004. India also became enganged in regional initiatives such as Mekong-guga cooperation (MGC) and Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic cooperation (BIMSTEC). India has also became member of EAST Asia Summit (EAS) in December, 2005, (Chakraborti, World Focus, 2008, 436). INDIA’S LOOK BEST, ASEAN LOOK WEST POLICIES The real turning point in India-ASEAN relations came with economic liberalization in 1991, the end of the cold war and enunciation of India’s â€Å"Look East† policy by Prime Minister PV Narsimha Rao. As publication of Indian ministry of external affairs observed. â€Å"There was confluence of nterests. A new world order, the economic Reforms in India along with its â€Å"Look East† policy, coincided with ASEAN’s â€Å"Look West† and regionalization drive. (Baru, February 2001 pg. 13. ) Under the â€Å"Look East† policy pursued increased trade and investment cooperation with South Korea and Singapore. Apart from extending India’s enduring relation with Vietnam, the policy also pursued greater economic relations with Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. India became a ‘Sectoral Dialogue Partner’ of ASEAN at the ASEAN’s Singapore, summit in 1992, and a ‘Full Dialogue partner’ of ASEAN at the Bangkok Summit in 1995. In February 1995 the ASEAN-Indian Business council was set up. India was invited to the meeting of ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in July, 1996. At this it was decided that ARF would only admit as participants countries that have a direct influence on the peace and security of East Asia and pacific region. (Baru, 2001; pg 13). A key objective of India and ASEAN to move from derivative to direct relationship so that there are no distortions, no misperception, no ignorance and no intermediation. There has been doubling of trade between India and ASEAN countries in 1990s and a marked increased in joint ventures and foreign direct investment between the two. Section VI and VII provide a comprehensive account of India-ASEAN trade and investment relation. Suffice it to say that ASEAN has emerged as the third largest foreign investor in India’s after US and EU. There are two dimensions of India’s new relationship with ASEAN. First, the trade and investment dimensions; second, the foreign policy and strategic dimension. Neither of these relations has equal value to all the ASEAN countries clearly, India’s economic relations with some are more developed than with others. Similarly India’s political and strategic relation with some are more developed than with others. Suffice it to say that in no case is the relationship purely undimensional (Baru, 2001, pg 14) DEEPENING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIA AND ASEAN The deepening of relationship between India and ASEAN is reflected in the buoyancy of trade figures between the two. During April-September 2007-2008, trade grew from US$ 15. 06 billion to US$ 17. 2 billion that is trade grew by 13 percent. India foreign trade with ASEAN, according to directorate General of commercial intelligence and statistics (DGCIS), is also on the rise. During the period 2005-06 to 2006-07 India’s export to ASEAN registered a growth rate of 20. 67 percent. Similarly India’s imports from ASEAN during the same period registered a growth rate of 66% In dia ASEAN trade stoo at US$ 38. 37 billion in 2007-08 and is projected to reach US$ 48 billion during 2008-09 (Economics times, Jan 10). At the first India-ASEAN summit held at Phnom Penh on November 5, 2001. India called for an India-ASEAN within a 10 year time frame. In this context the second India-ASEAN summit held at Bali on October 8, 2003 was significant landmark in India-ASEAN relations. The summit saw the signing of the framework agreement for comprehensive economic cooperation between India and ASEAN. This agreement envisaged the establishment of an FTA within a period of ten years. In March 2004, an ASEAN-India Trade Negotiation committee (Al-TNC) was established to Negotiate the implementation of the provisions of the framework agreement. India, since than entered into numerous agreement with ASEAN. (Sharma, Third concept vol 21, pg 9,10) At the Sixth India- ASEAN summit held at Singapore on November last year, India proposed to increase its bilateral trade with ASEAN to the time of US$ 50 billion by the year 2010. The latest agreement is therefore the result of many years of tactfull policies that led to the thawing of the ice between these two important emerging power in Asia. In addition to these agreements with ASEAN, India has also made consistent efforts to develop bilateral ties with ASEAN members. With Thailand, India has 61 years of diplomatic relation. India also has free trade agreement with Thailand that was signed in 2004. The framework agreement on bilaterals FTA of 2003 was the basis of this FTA with Thailand. Trade b/w the two increased from a mere US $ 606 million to US$ 3. 14 billion in 2006-07. With the CLV countries Cambodia, Laso and Vietnam, India entered into a number of bilateral agreements for cooperation in the fields of trade, science and technology, agriculture, defence, visa exemption, tourism, IT and culture. India has major projects I in the projects in the field of education entrepreneurship development and IT in these three countries. In 2004, India extended a credit line of US$ 27 million to Vietnam. Malaysia is a major source of foreign direct investment (FDI) for India, particularly in the areas of LPG, power plant and highway construction. Trade between the two rose from US$ 2. 2 billion in 2002-03 to US$ 6. 6 billion in 2006-07. India public sector undertaking such as BHEL and IRCON have also undertaken and completed a number of projects in Malaysia (www. _pao. net). Presently after India-ASEAN FTA negotiations, it is reported that about 150 Indian Engineering firms are eying to diversify their export base in ASEAN markets and are planning to make Malaysia the Regional hub to penetrate the region. Many of these companies are exploring the possibilities of joint ventures, technology transfer and investment opportunities. It was mainly because of the insistence of Indonesia that Ind ia became a part of the East Asia summit in 2005. Relations between the two had been very good for many years. Bilateral trade between the two increased by 44% from 2005-06 to 2006-07. India has a comprehensive Economic cooperation agreement (CECA) with Singapore since 2005. This agreement include bilateral investment promotion treaty. Double taxation avoidance agreement, an air service agreement and an FTA. Singapore, along with Indonesia had been an important factor for India’s inclusion into the East Asian summit. In addition, it was Singapore’s role that paved the way for India’s association with the ARF. Singapore is the biggest source of FDI for India among ASEAN countries. During the period 2000to 2008, the cumulative FDI of Singapore into India was worth a whooping US $ 4. 35 billion. Concurrently, over two thousand Indian companies were based in Singapore (www. e_pao. net) India also has plans for a free trade area with Brunie, Indonesia and Malaysia by 2011 and with the remaining ASEAN countries by 2016. Since 1995, India have actively engaged Myanmar in Trade. It has singed several agreements and MOU’s including Tripartite Maritime Agreement with Myanmar and Thailand, border trade Agreement and for cooperation between civilian uthorities between India and Myanmar. Since 2000, a number of high level visits have taken place. During these visits, several agreements and MOU’s have been signed in areas ranging from hydroelectric projects on the Chindwin River and IT cooperation to cultural exchange programs. In year 2003 alone, Seven Agreements/ MOU’s were signed to promote trade and communication facilities. By 2006-07 bilateral tr ade between India and Myanmar reached US$ 650 Million as compared to US$ 341. 40 million in 2004-05 (www. e_pao. net). RECENTLY CONCLUDED FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN INDIA AND ASEAN India is in process of signing a free trade agreement (FTA) with ASEAN. On 28 August 2008, India ASEAN concluded a trade in goods agreement which will operationalize the FTA in merchandize trade. They will formally signing this TIG agreement in ASEAN-Indian Summit now to be held on 26 Feb 2009. (Economic times, 27 Jan 2009). When India and ASEAN Kicked off Negotiation on the bilateral FTA in 2002, they were supposed to finalise a comprehensive agreement that covers goods, service and investment. However, regional grouping prevailed in India to conclude talks on goods, first and than move on to service and Investment. However signing of TIG Agreement was delayed as the negotiation got stuck a few times due to difference between parties on the coverage of the negative list. In free trade agreement countries are allowed to keep a small number of products out of coverage of the agreement. The issue of the negative list or the list of items that would be excluded from proposed FTA agreement had at one stage brought negotiations to a stands till. The items on the list would have limited or no tariff concession. Indian negotiaters were cautious as there were apprehensions that the ASEAN countries are more competitive in sectors like agriculture, textile, auto and auto components and electronics. India would face negative consequence unless sensitive items in these sectors are protected India submitted a list of aground 1414 products as a negative list. These products counted for 42% of total exports of ASEAN to India. But as the Negotiations from ASEAN insisted that the products include in the FTA, should cover at least 90% of exports to India, a pruning of negative list was done by Rao, Inderjit Singh, (India’s Deputy Minister for Defence). He reduced the number of items to be placed on a negative list from 1414 to 850 on 27 July 2006. In August 2006 These items were further reduced to 560 items. At the end it was decided that each signatory country of INDO-ASEAN FTA can have at most 489 products in its negative list provided that these products do not exceed more than 5% of total bilateral imports. India’s negative list includes 302 agriculture items, 81 items from textile and clothing, 52 items from machinery and auto and 32 items from chemicals and fertilizer plastics. There are 22 other items from various other sectors which are also part of negative list (Thakurta, South Asian Journal, 2007, 107-108). It has been decided in Negotiation that for products which are not in negative list duties will be reduced in phased manger starting from 2009 and the duty cut will be completed by 2018. Under the pact, India and ASEAN will eliminate import duties on 71% products by December 31, 2012 and another 9% by 2015. Duties on 8-10% products that have been kept in the sensitive list will also be brought down to 5%. For all product in non negative list duty will be reduced to zero by 2018. India has also identified 611 products, which will only get a partial duty cut. Among these products India has put five products on highly sensitive list. They are Tea, Coffee, pepper, palm oil and refined palm oil (The Economic Challenger, 2008). India stances during the negotiations indicates some what defensive position in goods sector. This is not surprising because India runs a fairly large trade deficits vis-a-vis ASEAN. Acc to data of Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) published by IMF, India had a trade deficit of $ 14,562 million in 2007 with ASEAN. This is around 15% of India’s total trade deficits. Fore individual ASEAN members, India Trade Pattern show that for the last 10 years (1998-2007) it has a trade deficit each year with Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Myanmar. India runs a trade surplus with other ASEAN member including Vietnam and Philippines (TABLE 1). Table 1: India’s Trade surplus/Deficits with ASEAN Member countries (in million $) |1998 |1999 |2000 |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 |2006 |2007 | |Brunei Daressalam |3. 05 |1. 73 |2. 63 |2. 90 |3. 72 |4. 22 |4. 31 |32. 64 |40. 34 |50. 07 | |Cambodia |2. 85 |6. 60 |6. 88 |2. 48 |16. 97 |18. 55 |17. 10 |21. 68 |24. 43 |30. 32 |Indonesia |-556. 28 |-635. 64 |-536. 55 |-717. 28 |-541. 06 |-883. 68 |-1160. 84 |-1492. 88 |-2450. 39 |-3975. 02 | |Laos |0. 98 |1. 35 |5. 00 |5. 52 |1. 84 |0. 59 |2. 00 |1. 59 |5. 68 |7. 05 | |Malaysia |-1137. 28 |-1504. 35 |-820. 68 |-1032. 57 |-627. 00 |-1044. 68 |-1206. 95 |-1231. 50 |-4429. 51 |-4599. 52 | |Myanmar |-151. 45 |-139. 05 |-131. 31 |-144. 76 |-274. 11 |-304. 77 |-295. 35 |-383. 30 |-473. 73 |-587. 90 | |Philippines |113. 80 |85. 83 |126. 53 |147. 41 |299. 41 |236. 62 |208. 86 |272. 87 |233. 00 |176. 98 | |Singapore |-754. 57 |-862. 95 |-655. 53 |-2001. 17 |-92. 87 |26. 29 |919. 87 |209. 5 |-4000. 42 |-5664. 81 | |Thailand |63. 60 |103. 33 |174. 60 |81. 65 |301. 66 |250. 02 |72. 60 |95. 74 |-513. 20 |-1035. 06 | |Vietnam |116. 70 |136. 25 |195. 85 |157. 36 |280. 97 |356. 22 |427. 08 |534. 92 |648. 69 |1035. 88 | |Overall trade deficits |-2298. 61 |-2806. 93 |-1632. 41 |-3498. 46 |-630. 45 |-1340. 29 |-1011. 32 |-244. 77 |-10915. 11 |-14562. 02 | | Source: – (EPW, 15 Nov 2008) However, overall trade balance is significantly negative. The concern is that if India has already such a huge trade deficit, reduction of tariff rates may worsen the situation unless there is a significant export boost. Among ASEAN members, India already has preferential trade agreement with Thailand Myanmar and Singapore. India, Myanmar and Thailand are part of the Bay of Bengal Institute for multi sectoral technical and economic cooperation (BIMSTEC) which is now knows as Bangladehs, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand economic cooperation (BIMSTEC) (Thakurata, South Asian Journal No. 16, pg 108). India also has a seprate FTA with Thailand. India and Singapore have signed a comprehensive Economic cooperation agreement (CECA) few years back. Though the terms and tariff reduction conditions of these agreements may be different from the present agreement but still it can be assumed that the marginal impact of Indo-ASEAN FTA will be less for these three ASEAN countries (i. e. Myanmar, Thailand and Singapore). Among other ASEAN members, India has significant trade with Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. Though the current volume of trade with Vietnam is low, Vietnam is one of the fastest growing countries in the world and trade potential between India and Vietnam is considered to be significant. Nityanand Deva, India’s look-East policy, www. indianmba. com/occasional_papers/ OP104/ OP104html. HOW TARIFF PROFILE EFFECTS FTA? Tariff reduction, especially of custom duties on imports of Agricultural commodities, is an extremely sensitive issue in India. Till India initiated economic reforms in 1991, the peak custom duty rate used to be as high as 150 percent. (Thakurata, South Asian Journal, pg 110). One assumed that In dia will have some advantage in the ASEAN market because of tariff margin given TIG agreement. The India-Asean pact on goods trade will result in the signatory countries abolishing customs tariffs on 80% of goods including key raw material like Iron ore and aluminum, plastic goods and certain kinds of machinery. The deal is likely to be operational from January 2009 when the signatories to the pact will begin cutting import tariff in phased manner, import duties on normal goods will be reduced to zero over a period of six years and on items in the sensitive list will have a partial tariff reduction over longer period of time. (The Economic challenger, pg 18). It look six long years for the two sides to conclude the negotiation of ROO’s (Rules of origin). ROO means that goods exported from certain destination must have a minimum value addition in the country of origin of proportion specified. India has reportedly agreed to have 35 percent value addition and changes in tariff at level of sub heading whereas in case of bilateral arrangements with individual countries like Thailand and Singapore, the rules specify 40% value addition and tariff changes at the level of headings. ROO’s are major reason why negotiations between India and Thailand over expansion of items in FTA list are stalled. New Delhi fears that further relaxation of ROO’s could lead to imports for third world via Thailand that would, in turn, antagonize Indian industry. (www. bilaterals. org/article. php3? id_artilce=13650) India lowered its duties on crude palm oil (CPO) and refined palm oil to 37. 5 and 45% (against 80%) respectively. It has also agreed to lower duties on coffee and tea to 45% and pepper to 50% (against 100%). Under the pact India-ASEAN will eliminate import duties on 71% products by December 31, 2012 and another 9% by 2015. Duties on 8-10% products that have been kept in the sensitive list will also be brought down to 5%. India will keep 489 items in negative list of products to be excluded from tariff reduction commitments. Tariff rates in manufacturing goods in India is high whereas in major ASEAN countries are quite low. Therefore India is unlikely to get too much advantage because of tariff preference (The Economic Challenger, vol41, pg 18). On the other hand, the FTA is likely to allow the ASEAN countries to take advantage of the large gap between high Indian applied tariff rates and the preferential rates. It is expected that agreement will open up considerable market for ASEAN countries in Agriculture, electronics, motor car equipment and other light manufacturing goods in India. This way negatively affect domestic farmer in agriculture and small and medium enterprises in light manufacturing including textile in India. There are reports that Asian development bank to contribute to a fund to help compensate industries that likely to be hit by Indo-Asean free trade agreement (Dasgupta and PAL, EPW Nov, 15, 2008). WHAT ARE EFFECTS OF SERVICE TRADE ON FTA The crux of welfare gains from India ASEAN market integration does not rest on free trade in goods, but on free flow of service and investment. That is India’s service industries-IT services, design services and call operators-have long been a hub or source of outsourcing and off shoring from develop economies especially United States and the European Union. The India-ASEAN FTA that successfully liberalises trade in service and investment will therefore provide economic opportunities companies in ASEAN countries to strengthen their competitiveness in global market by fragmenting their production and establishing industrial clusters. www. bilaterals. org/article/phg3? id_article=13650). A treaty which involves services will be extremely important for India also because India sees a big market for its services export in ASEAN. India presently is one of top exporters of services and according to WTO data it is ranked 10th in the world ahead of ASEAN countries like Singapore (rank ed 16th), Thailand (ranked 27th) and Malaysia (ranked 20th). In 2006 reports of services from India were around $74 billion. India is particularly strong in Information technology enables services (ITES), professional services, telecommunication services, health care, financial services and distribution services. ASEAN is also big market for service imports. It is not importer of services and according to WTO (2007), total imports of service by ASEAN members was close to $ 150 billion in 2006. To put this figure in perspective, US imports of services was around $ 300 billion in the same year. ASEAN also has a major export interest in some services sector. Tourism in one of the most important services trade for ASEAN countries. Apart from that they are major exporter of air transport, construction, logistics insurance and financial services. (Dasgupta and PAL, EPW Nov 15, 2008). When India and ASEAN kicked off negotiations on the bilateral FTA in 2002, they were supposed to finalize a comprehensive agreement that covers good, service and investment. However, regional grouping prevailed on India to conclude talks on goods first and then move on to services and investment. India’s trade with the ASEAN, its fourth largest trading partner after the EU, US and China has been growing at a compound annual growth rate of 27%. Bilateral trade stood at 38. 37 billion in 2007-08 and is project to reach $ 48 billion in 2008-09. The agreement on services allow Indian service providers to access the ASEAN Market and set up operation there. The investment agreement in expected to work both ways in terms of attracting FDI from ASEAN member, especially Singapore and Malaysia, and providing opportunity to Indian companies in sectors like pharmaceuticals, coal mining and automobiles to invest in ASEAN region (Economic times, Jan 10, 2008). For a major region which has liberal policies for merchandise trade, services trade in ASEAN in highly regulated. As Karmakar (2005) points out, services trade in ASEAN in highly regulated for foreign suppliers but the restrictions are also there for intra ASEAN, trade. Efforts are being made to gradually integrate service trade among ASEAN members. The ASEAN Framework agreement on services (AFAS) provide broad framework to achieve this. The target is to make ASEAN a single market and production base through free flow of goods, services, investment, skilled labour and free flow of capital by 2015 (Dasgupta and Pal, EPW Nov 15, 2008). HOW ENERGY SECURITY HELPFUL TO FTA? Apart from other items, closer economic and political ties with ASEAN are likely to held India’s quest for energy security. Indian position on global civilian nuclear cooperation received a boost as the 16 leader’s of ASEAN and its dialogue partner signed what was described as landmark declaration on Energy security at the second East-Asia summit. The Cebu Declaration on Energy security was signed by leaders of East Asia summit-an evolving regional forum that includes the ASEAN and six dialogue partners (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand). The declaration calls for reducing dependence on hydrocarbons and fossil fuel in the context of surging global crube oil prices and seeks to intensify the search for new and renewable energy resources and technologies with focus on civil nuclear power and biofuels (Thakurata, South Asian Journal No 16, pg 107). India is heavily dependent on west Asia for oil imports, which is geopolitically tense part of the world. India is currently the world’s sixth largest energy consumer, and third largest oil and gas consumer in Asia after China and Japan. For India oil imports account for about 72% of total oil consumption of which 67% is being sourced from west Asia. Hence on external front India is pursuing diversification of supply sources and trying to significantly increase exploration of oil and gas. Among the ASEAN countries, India at present import crude oil from Malaysia and Brunei, which contributes 5. % of its total oil from Malaysia which comprises just 3. 5% of its total LPG import on the other hand, among the ASEAN countries, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam have about 1% of total world’s proven oil reserves and 3% of the world’s proven gas reserves (Dasgupta and Pal, EPW Nov 15, 2008). CONCLUSION To conclude it can be said that the Indo ASEAN trade in goods agreement may not be beneficial for trade in short run but it can be thought of as a part of long runs strategy to improve India’s economic, and strategic presence in the neighbourhood. Though India shares a land border with Myanmar and maritime border with Indonesia and Thailand, the ASEAN countries has never been economically very close to India. In fact India and the ASEAN countries are not considered natural trading partners. This is indirect contrast to China which was established a distributed regional network of production and trade in this region. The Indo-ASEAN FTA can be perceived as an intial step towards increased economic integration of India with South east Asia. From a broader perspective, the Indo-ASEAN FTA can also be viewed as other cog in the wheel of increasing South-south cooperation. This is important because the world economic system is presently going through some significant changes. On the one hand there is severe economic showdown and major financial problem in the developed world. On the other hand there is talk of developing countries like China and India emerging as driver of southern economic growth. Though the impact of China on other developing countries is much stronger. India can play a complementary role. While China provides a big market for exports, via a manufacturing supply chain for other Asian countries, India can potentially become a hub of services-led growth. If India aspires to play a prominent role in global economy and Governance, increased cooperation with ASEAN make a sense as a strategic move. BIBLIOGRAPHY Baru, Sanjay, â€Å"India and ASEAN: The Emerging States Relationship Towards a Bay of Bengal community†. Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relation, February, 2001. Chakraboti, Tribdib, â€Å"India and Indo China states in the 21st century; Challenges and opportunities† World Focus Vol 347-348; Nov-Dec 2008. Dasgupta and Pal, â€Å"Does a Free Trade Agreement with ASEAN make sense† Economic and Political weekly. Nov 15, 2008, Economic Times, January 27, 2009. Joseph and Parayil, â€Å"India-ASEAN cooperation in Information and Communication Technology: Issues and Prospects: RIS Discussion paper (www. ries. org. in) Sharma, Madan Lal, â€Å"India ASEAN Relation†; Third Concept Dec 2007, Vol 21. No 250. Sinha, Prabha Chandra, Handbook of ASEAN and Regional Cooperation. 2th Summit and beyond 2007. Takhurata, â€Å"India’s free Trade Agreement with ASEAN† South Asian Journal, April June 2007, NO. 16. â€Å"The Free Trade Agreement with ASEAN†. The Economic Challenger 2008, No 11, issue 11. WEBSITES www. aseansec. org/4920. htm. www. artilcebase. com/politics_articles www. bilateral. org/rubrique. php3? id_r ubriqu+159,13650,12959 www. econoimctimes. com www. e_pao. net/epsubpageextracts. asp? src=education. scientificpapersIndia-ASEANFTA. www. heindia_au. org/pr_072. html. www. indianmba. com/occasional_papers/OP104. op104. html